Personal Identity, piece of diary

Individual Identity, bit of journal Dear DiaryToday in class we had a short conversation of what individual character is. I didn't get an opportunity to stand up my contemplations and assessments so I felt like to impart it to you.Personal character is the thing that I consider myself to be, emphatically or negatively.It could be contended however the vast majority think they are at what called the 'Great' side despite the fact that he is a fierce executioner. Word from a resigned superintendent. Over 80% of the detainees fit to be executed despite everything accepts they are innocent.The way one sees things and their judgment is differed by ones own personality. This is the mix, consequence of numerous variables. Like most of our physical appearances is now predetermined since the snapshot of our origination, obviously, there are likewise different factors, for example, nourishment and environment.Everyone's own character ought to be evolving ordinary, each second by the structure up of their insight and experiences.T HE IdentityIn the prior stage, our own personality is exclusively from our folks. This incorporates: heredity, culture foundation and nature. As you become more seasoned, less impacts will originate from your folks however more from your companions, friends and instructor. Because of the reality a great many people need a spot to have a place with (a bit much be an area), and need to have companions, we'll now and again change our choice and advantages to simply fit into a group.When getting into the middle age, the greatest impacts will most likely originate from your work, religion companions still. As should be obvious companion has an extremely huge impact in everybody's life.Personal character has a significant influence as I continued looking for self-information, yet its up to me to pick my own identity.God made all men similarly, yet it is dependent upon us to decide whom we...

The discipline of archaeology is by no means a simple nor singular study of the past Essay Example For Students

The order of paleohistory is in no way, shape or form a basic nor particular investigation of the past Essay Because of the wide scope of proof inside the archeological record, from natural to inorganic, a wide range of techniques and approaches are taken so as to manage the wide range of contrasting proof. In any case, the investigation of earthenware is without question one of the most significant undertakings taken on by any paleologist. An extraordinary abundance of data can be picked up from the investigation of ceramics, regardless of its lifeless state. It is for this very explanation that this paper will endeavor to investigate and clarify the large number of study that archeologists apply to stoneware. As has just been expressed, there are numerous exercises to be gained from the investigation of earthenware. These exercises shift in both practice and utility. Be that as it may, all have their influence in sorting out the past. Much can be gained from stoneware some of which is legitimately connected to the ceramics itself. Other data can be discovered which is more derived than all else. This thusly makes the investigation of earthenware one of two sections. We will compose a custom exposition on The order of paleohistory is in no way, shape or form a basic nor solitary investigation of the past explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Right off the bat, the physical investigation of stoneware, which will be managed in the initial segment of this article, and also the investigation of the social knowledge earthenware gives empowering archeologists to comprehend the general public from which it came. Maybe the most clear method of breaking down stoneware is by the unaided eye yet its conspicuousness ought not take away from its significance. By watching the physical traits of any relic an extraordinary arrangement can be recounted its production just as its producer. The act of typology is of incredible use while examining ceramics. By watching the shape and size of any antiquity it is frequently conceivable to date that relic inside a particular scope of dates. The size of this range is anyway not generally as precise as one would want it to be. By the by, by utilizing typology an informed supposition can be made in regards to the production of a bit of stoneware this would then be able to be additionally applied to the site itself where the earthenware was exhumed. Assuming be that as it may, the bit of earthenware is beautified in any capacity the date of creation can be increasingly exact. The explanation behind this expansion in exactness is very straightforward. Despite the fact that the state of a bit of stoneware is a significant factor in deciding its date through typology it is sadly not especially inclined to change through time, in contrast to improvement. The state of a water vessel for the most part continues as before in a particular culture because of the idea of its motivation, it is subsequently considerably more helpful if a beautification is available on the vessel since it is significantly more powerless to change. Enlivening highlights may change in a couple of ages and in this manner are supposed to be sequentially touchy. It is thus that enlivening highlights can limit the range where an antiquity can be dated. As helpful as typology ends up being it is shockingly just appropriate when adequate research has been done in the specific territory which is being contemplated. Qualities from one culture can't really be applied to another. It is accordingly impractical to accept that a little restricted container found in Asia could be dated alongside one of comparative qualities found in Europe. Not all physical investigation of stoneware have such complexities. Extremely essential perceptions can enlighten an extraordinary arrangement concerning the creation of a bit of earthenware. Albeit regular spot today, the act of tossing pots on a wheel was just presented after roughly 3400 B. C. Past this date a procedure of building pots up utilizing a progression of mud curls was utilized. This effectively recognizable distinction can quickly give the bit of stoneware an end post quem. It additionally gives an away from of the innovation accessible and utilized by the expert. The physical attributes of ceramics can likewise be utilized to recognize much better subtleties of its creation. On the off chance that the outside of a bit of earthenware is vitrified or coated it very well may be expected that it was terminated in a warmth more than 900 degrees Celsius which is just conceivable in an encased oven. he procedure of terminating ceramics in an encased furnace produces total oxidization of the mud and in this manner a uniform shading can be seen on the completed item. .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b , .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b .postImageUrl , .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b , .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b:hover , .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b:visited , .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b:active { border:0!important; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b:active , .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u8022 dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Call Of The Wild EssayA overcast or smeared surface demonstrates inadequate oxidization which is the result of lacking time or warmth in terminating, this is commonly the aftereffect of a bit of earthenware terminated in an open oven. It is likewise conceivable to apply progressively logical strategies to set up subtleties of a bit of potterys fabricate. Examining electron microscopy can uncover slight changes in the microstructure of mud warmed more than 900 degrees Celsius. The consideration paid to how hot the furnace was may appear from the outset lopsided to its value yet in reality it is vital. By building up at what temperature the stoneware was terminated at a reasonable picture can be painted of keeps an eye on handle of pyrotechnology at the time being referred to. The structure of encased ovens in this way is a significant stage in keeps an eye on advancement. By surveying the strategy for make a paleologist can uncover the mechanical improvement of the gathering of individuals from which the ceramics originated from. Albeit simply watching stoneware with the unaided eye can give a lot of data it has additionally been shown that increasingly logical strategies for study are of extraordinary use moreover. The ongoing advancement of such strategies has changed the field of vision of the prehistorian and empowered him to see the past with more prominent detail. The utilization of compound and infrared spectroscopy has empowered archeologists to set up subtleties of the weight control plans of the old individuals under investigation. Buildup left in or on ceramics can be taken a gander at under a magnifying instrument to uncover the substance of a pot a huge number of years prior. As expressed in Renfrew Bahn a container found in Western Iraq, after compound and infrared spectroscopy was found to contain tartaric corrosive which showed the soonest appearance of wine in the eating routine of any human race. Obviously this specific bit of proof goes farther than just showing what an antiquated gathering of individuals may have eaten or tanked. It has social ramifications as well. It induces that, because of the idea of liquor, the antiquated gathering which the vessel originated from were associated with parties where wine would be tanked. This utilization of science inside archaic exploration is in no way, shape or form atypical. Logical examination may appear to be cold and very incapable to reveal insight into the individuals of the past however this isn't the situation. The presence of grain impressions or grains themselves in or on old ceramics loan themselves consummately to science. From this much can be educated of the way of life of the antiquated individuals being referred to. By considering the shape and size of old grains under a magnifying lens archeologists can pick up information on oat home life among early people groups. Once more, likewise with buildup in the container expressed before, data in regards to the way of life of the gathering from which the earthenware originated from can de concluded through the logical aftereffects of such practices as grain investigation through microscopy, spectroscopy and concoction testing. The development and taming of grains shows and advance in keeps an eye on handle of his general surroundings. Oil bearing seeds found in or on earthenware can likewise help give a knowledge into the life of the gathering who made the stoneware. Oil bearing seeds which give flax can be utilized to make materials. These apparently useless remains frequently found in or on stoneware are in reality of central significance to the

Positive Psychology vs. Positive Thinking

Positive Psychology vs. Positive Thinking Basics Print Is Positive Psychology the Same Thing As Positive Thinking? How Is Positive Psychology Different From Positive Thinking? By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on February 11, 2018 Positive psychology goes beyond thinking, and involves taking action. Blend Images - KidStock/ Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming When people talk about the happiness-related field of positive psychology, they’re talking about positive thinking, positive affirmations, and thought-based positivity. When I’ve talked to people about positive psychology, an exciting and relatively new branch of psychology, people often mention that they are fans of positive psychology and that they have already used positive thinking in their lives for years.  Sometimes I hear less-enthusiastic assertions that positive psychology is really just self-delusion (or any of a number of misconceptions about positive thinking) and that action-based techniques for getting into a good mood are much better than thinking strategies.  Interestingly, both of these responses are based on a common belief that “positive thinking” and “positive psychology” are the same thing.  It’s important to understand the distinction between the two, not only for stress management levels, but for overall wellness, happiness, and life satisfaction.  Let’s break it down. Positive thinking can be a fantastic way to relieve stress.  It can encompass cognitive reframing to combat common cognitive distortions; it can involve a conscious focus on the benefits of a situation rather than its drawbacks, or on a focus away from negative events; it can include a conscious attempt to back away from focusing on the negatives in life.  It involves optimism and gratitude and supportiveness, and can include positive affirmations as well as a determined effort to stop complaining.   Positive thinking is based in large part on cognitive (thought-based) ways to attain a more emotionally positive frame of mind, with the understanding that when we think more positively, we feel better, and we operate from a stronger, more functional place within ourselves.   Positive thinking is a way of thinking ourselves into better behavior and greater resilience, rather than behaving our way into a different frame of mind.  Positive thinking can indeed help with stress relief in many ways. Positive psychology is a bit different.  It can include all of these things, but it is the scientific study of what makes people thrive, and it goes a bit further than what many people consider to be “warm and fuzzy thoughts” and into some meaty interventions based on research findings.  Positive psychology focuses on behaviors that can lead to a more optimized frame of mind as much as on thought patterns that lead to more functional behaviors, much like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).  But compared to CBT, positive psychology focuses more on what makes already-functional people thrive even more, rather than on fixing a problem that may be causing difficulties in someone’s life.  Positive psychology can help people who are doing pretty well maximize their potential, and can help people who are coping with stress reasonably effectively become people who are more resilient toward stress and really enjoy their lives to a greater extent as well. Positive psychology is a vast field of study, but it involves a few main components.  The following are some of the more popular ideas and recommendations from the field of positive psychology, one of my favorite branches of science for stress relief. Gratitude: How it works, and how to use it in your life.Pleasures: These may or may not be what you think, but they can help you build resilience toward stress.Gratifications:  These take a little more effort than pleasures, but are well worth it in terms of benefits; they can literally change your life.Meaning:  It is important to find meaning in life.  Here’s whyâ€"and how.Optimism:  What exactly does optimism mean (not necessarily what people think), and how does it help us?16 Areas of Life:  Did you know there are 16 areas of your life that can be examined and maximized to bring greater happiness, resilience, and life satisfaction?

Fraud the Gravest Sin of All - 657 Words

â€Å"Abandon all hope ye who enter here† (Alighieri, 1321/1954, p.18) ---- an inscription that is found on the gates of Inferno which foreshadows the fate of the soul of the sinner as said in â€Å"Inferno† by Dante Alighieri. The book tackles different natures of sins that individuals have committed and the corresponding punishment that they will receive in different circles of Hell (Ciardi, 1954). Alighieri (1321/1954) notes that although incontinence and violence are serious sins, fraud is considered as the worst type of sin because it betrays a whole community of people and breaks the trust of one’s kin. According to the Shmoop Editorial Team (2008), fraudulent people are worse than incontinent and violent people because they have the ability†¦show more content†¦According to SparkNotes Editors (2002), the reason why Dante considers fraud as the most serious sin is that one must realize that his narration follows strict Christian values. He values n ot human happiness or harmony on Earth but rather God’s will in Heaven. Dante considers violence and incontinence less evil than fraud. Fraud constitutes the greater opposition to God’s will. God states that love is the greatest gift of all and that we should share this love to others (Shmoop Editorial Team, 2008). Ciardi (1954) strongly emphasizes that evil is evil simply because it contradicts God’s will and no explanation is needed why Dante considers fraud as the gravest sin of all. As mentioned in â€Å"Inferno†, fraud is the greatest sin of all. Therefore, those who have committed fraud will receive the most penetrating punishments compared to those who committed incontinence (lack of self-control) and violence. While reading the book, one must also remember that: â€Å"Inferno is not a philosophical text; its intention is not to think critically about evil but rather to teach and reinforce the relevant Christian doctrinesâ€Å" (SparkNotes Editor s, 2002). REFERENCES Alighieri, D.(1954).Dante Alighieri: The inferno(J. Ciardi, Trans.). New York: Signet Classics. (Original work published 1321). Fernando, I.(2013, April 1).A proactive stance against fraud. Manila-Bulletin. Retrieved July 22, 2013, from http://mb.com.ph/Business/Business_Agenda/5686/Show MoreRelatedThe Consequences Of Punishment In Dantes The Inferno1250 Words   |  5 Pagestorture their victims. In most people eyes, these beings are the most deserving of their punishment in the inferno, and the interesting thing about this sin is that not everyone can relate to it on a personal level, although everyone has wanted to do it at one point or another. This sin is, Violence towards others, whether its murder or abuse, all can be found here. Some of the most tyrannical people reside in this place, being tortured for every future to come. In chapter 12, Dante writes about aRead MoreBones Dont Lie Essay2256 Words   |  10 PagesSelection or The Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life, but non more popular of any time than in today’s secular humanistic, materialistic society. Evolution is a theory taught as a fact in almost every institution world wide, from all level of academics: grades school to prestige colleges like Harvard and Oxford University. One of the many suppose â€Å"missing links† taught as evidence is â€Å"Lucy† (AL 288-1), the Australopithecus afarensis hominoid, strongly held as the best evidence forRead More Struggle Between Hindu and Secular Nationalisms in India Essay examples4524 Words   |  19 Pagesadmits that, among those who consider themselves secular individuals there is an intensifying sense of crisis†. What are the criticisms of secularism which lead to the perception of a predicament? At first glance, the challenge appears minuscule, since all political parties, even the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), accept secularism in some form. As government official P.K. Nijhawan remarks, the contending sides swear by secularism. However, secularism as it has come to be practiced by the Congress Party

Modern Day Piracy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2900 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Modern Day Piracy Examining the Case of Somalia Introduction When speaking about pirates people often envision scenic Caribbean vistas of a bygone era, but today piracy has experienced a renaissance and is one of the biggest threats to global trade and security. In the last ten years incidents of piracy have more than quadrupled going from 90 reported cases in 1994 to 455 cases in 2003.1 Modern day pirates have become a serious threat to international waters and their exploits have become more and more daring, targeting bigger and more high profile ships. In the areas of Southeast Asia and especially the Horn of Africa, trade has become so perilous that it has forced the hand of the worlds most powerful nations as well as the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Modern Day Piracy" essay for you Create order Powerful international regulations have frequently been made to combat the growing threat of these pirates but often states lack the capacity to deal with these so-called criminals. The legislation put forward is also faced with the harrowing task of how to get to the deeper causes of piracy within states. Many of the most recent proposals are mere band-aids while policy makers keep skirting the more dubious issues of failed states, severe poverty, and past infringements on sovereignty. Without addressing these key issues there is no hope in solving the crisis of high seas piracy. The question remains then what are the best kind of policies to deal with piracy, and are they being used effectively in the real world? This paper aims to prove that without a better understanding of situation in Somalia, it will be impossible to combat piracy in the area, and we must further investigate best practices if any real progress is to be made. This will be done by giving a short history of th e international laws and regulations 2 Ellora Howie Modern Day Piracy regarding modern day piracy. The paper will then point out how these historical understandings have made defining piracy very problematic and difficult in todays circumstances. It will then examine the case study of Somalia where piracy has had its greatest resurgence. Lastly, the paper will conclude with a discussion of the responses of the UN and the world at large and the direction that they are taking thusly. History of Applicable Law Piracy has long been considered a hostis humani generis, or the enemy of the human race.2 Legislation regarding it goes all the way back to ancient times, with the first recorded instances being found in Justinians Digest in 529 AD and in King Johns Ordinance of 1201.3 In the modern context, the first major piece of legislation regarding piracy came in the form of the 1958 Geneva Convention on the High Seas. It set out 8 key provisions for suppressing piracy. It was later followed by the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. However, this convention did not really build on the Geneva Convention on the High Seas, but rather reaffirmed the intentions of the earlier treaty. One of the most important contributions of this treaty was its definition of piracy, which remains largely unchanged today. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea sets out the definition as such: Piracy consists of any of the following acts: (a) any illegal acts of violence or detention, or any act of de predation, committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship or a private aircraft, and directed to: (i) on the high seas, against another ship or aircraft, or against persons or property on board such ship or aircraft; (ii) against a ship, aircraft, persons or property in a place outside the jurisdiction of any Modern Day Piracy Ellora Howie 3 State; (b) any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or of an aircraft with knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship or aircraft; (c) any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in subparagraph (a) or (b).4 This definition presents many problems. The first problem, that of defining piracy as committed for private ends, is immediately apparent. Although piracy is usually used a form of livelihood for those who cannot find employment in the tumultuous and poverty stricken country from which they come, piracy often takes on a political character. In Somalia, pirates justify their action in the Gulf of Aden and around the Horn of Africa as a form of protest against over-fishing and waste dumping in their territorial waters.5This would then suggest that Somali pirates are actually sea terrorists. Another definitional problem is the two boat paradigm that the Convention sets out. This fails to address the problem of internal seizures and that hijacking is not always one boat attacking another boat. Cases where the crew or passengers take over a vessel for either private or public gains can hardly then be considered an act of piracy. Lastly there is the issue that this definition sets out piracy as only existing on the high seas, disregarding all actions within the territorial waters off a states coast and dismissing them as sea robbery. This definition needlessly compartmentalizes piracy when it would be more effective to deal with it as a whole. Piracy in Somalia and The Gulf of Aden The deficiencies of this definition come into plain view in the case of Somalia. Approximately 20,000 ships pass through the Gulf of Aden adjacent to the Indian Ocean each year, transporting cargo that includes 12 percent of the worlds daily oil supply.6 With its failed state status and the high levels of traffic passing by its shores, Somalia has become a hotbed for pirate activity. Its 4 Ellora Howie Modern Day Piracy 4-Ellora HowieModern DayPiracy- coastal waters have become more and more dangerous with cruise-liners being shot at, aid deliveries being jeopardized, and the crewsof fishing, recreational, and aid vessels being taken hostage forransom.7However, most troubling of all is that, between 2005 and 2007, the number of attacks and attempted attackson privateshipping vessels in the area hasexceeded that ofboth the MalaccaStraits and South China Sea combined. These areas were previously considered to be the epicentres of piracy in the world.8The chaos found at sea radiates out from the Somali mainland.Somalia has lacked a functioninggovernment since 1991 whichwas preceded byyears of instability. The internationallyrecognized Transitional Federal Government(TFG) has littlepower over the country. As previously mentioned, much of the motivation forpiracy derives from over fishing and pollution in Somali waters. With Transitional Federal Government having little or no sovereign authority to enforce territorial sea rights, over-fishing has become abundant. More than 700 foreign vessels, some ofthem armed, have taken advantage of this and haveconductedunlicensed fishing or have been fishing under the license of localwarlords.9Another problem that has plagued theSomali people isthe constant dumping of hazardous materials into their waters by foreign parties.10According to a spokesman from the UNEnvironmental Program who conducted an investigation in 2005, theres uranium radioactive waste, theres lead, theres heavymetals like cadmium and mercury, theres industrial waste, andtheres hospital wastes, chemical wastes,you name it.11According to thereport from this investigation, the reason for thisis cost. It is estimated that it costs $2.50 per ton to dump toxicwaste in Africa compared to $250 per ton to dump waste inEurope.12This has only added to the local fishing communitieshardships.One of the powerful motivations to engage in piracyhowever, is money. Some ships and crew fetch as much as $3million in ransom.13The annual haul for Somali pirates wasapproximately $30 million in 2008, although some estimates place- Modern Day Piracy Ellora Howie 5 that figure at more than $100 million. To put this into context, the money collected in ransom revenue exceeded the entire budget of the Puntland government for that year.14 Pirates in Somalia mainly tend to be out of work fisherman or former militia members of the Somali warlords.15 They primarily come from the Puntland region of Somalia and are part of the various clans and o rganisations stationed there.16 There appears to be no real unification or clear command structure, although they seem to be operating as an ad hoc branch of organized crime. Some press reports have suggested that the pirates are being controlled and directed by the Islamic insurgents in south-central Somalia.17 There is no evidence, however, to support this assertion. However, the money collected from the ransoms is clearly going into the hands of an elite few, as evidenced by the construction boom taking place in the port cities of Somalia.18 There are no reported numbers of how many pirates reside within Somalia, only that the number is on the rise from previous years.19 Pirates have been able to be so successful mainly because of their ability to effectively adopt technology into their operations. One of the most significant advances is their use of mother ships.20 Mother ships transport small pirate skiffs further from the coastline than they would be able to go by themselve s. This allows them to go after bigger targets in international waters. Not only are these ships easily mistaken as small fishing boats, they are far more manoeuvrable than the ships they attack. Pirates have also adopted technology in other areas. Not only do they have small automatic and semi-automatic weapons, but they also commonly possess man-portable air defence systems and rocket propelled grenades. They also have better ships and weapons than would be expected, and commonly use GPS systems to help then spot ships from greater distances.21 6 Ellora Howie Modern Day Piracy With all of these factors converging, the Gulf of Aden has witnessed some of the most high-profile incidents of piracy of modern times. One of the most publicized attacks was the seizure of a Ukrainian freighter, the Faina, that was transporting 33 T-72 Russian tanks and depleted uranium ammunition to Kenya for consignment to the Sudanese Peoples Liberation Army on September 25, 2008. The Faina was late r released in mid-February 2009. The pirates reportedly earned more than $120 million in ransom money for the ship, cargo, and personnel.22 Another alarming hijacking incident happened only two months later involved the 1000 foot supertanker, the Sirius Star, from Saudi Arabia. It was headed to the United States and carried more than $100 million in oil.23 Incidents like these demonstrate the possible implications of pirate attacks. If the Sirius Star had been sunk or damaged (as is often threatened if shipping company owners refuse to meet the pirates demands), it could cause an oil spill of such magnitude that it would have huge environmental ramifications. Additionally, in a time of such economic hardships, shipping costs have increased exponentially. In the Indian and Pacific Oceans, maritime piracy have cost shipping companies somewhere in the neighbourhood of $13-$15 billion annually in losses. In recent months, insurance rates have soared. Premiums for a single transit thr ough the Gulf of Aden, for example, have risen from $500 to as much as $20,000.24 This has caused shipping companies to greatly decrease or stop all business in the area. Many companies have decided to forego the use of Suez Canal all together and choose alternate routes that are longer and more costly in order to avoid the Gulf of Aden. 25 International Response The threat of piracy to international security has drawn much attention from global organizations and world leaders alike. This has prompted the UN Security Council to take action. In 2007 the International Maritime Office prompted the Somali TFG Modern Day Piracy Ellora Howie 7 to advise the Security Council that, it consents to [foreign] warships or military aircraft . . . entering its territorial sea when engaging in operations against pirates or suspected pirates endangering the safety of life at sea.26 Resolution 1816 was issued by the Security Council in June of 2008, and embodied these principles. It called for increased coordination among those States with naval assets off Somalia; better information-sharing and cooperation over Somali piracy among and between States, international bodies and regional organizations; and encouraging States and organizations to provide technical assistance to Somalia and nearby coastal States.27 What was significant about this part icular resolution was that states had to be approved by the Somali TFG and identified to the Secretary General as cooperating before they were allowed to follow pirates into Somali water and use all necessary means to repress acts of piracy.28 The resolution was then given a six month term after which point it would be terminated. This was a major landmark in the fight against piracy as Resolution 1816 and subsequent resolutions marked that piracy was finally being taken seriously by the international community.29 National and regional naval forces took full advantage of the rights that this new resolution provided them. To counter the threat of piracy, many nations have deployed warships to the Gulf of Aden in order to conduct patrols and escort ships. NATO and the European Union have both sent ships to participate in Combined Task Force 51.30 Naval forces from the United Kingdom, Canada, Turkey, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, France, Pakistan, India, Iran, Russia, and other countries have also been deployed to the area.31 Even China, for the first time, has contributed warships to the effort.32 However, this shared military 8 Ellora Howie Modern Day Piracy initiative has been met with limited success and the number of hijacked ships has actually increased.33 Another solution suggested is to adopt the best practices of Southeast Asia which has had a long history in dealing with piracy. The Malacca Straits were once classified by Lloyds of London (an insurance company) as a war risk to shipping in 2005-2006.34 One of the reasons this area was so successful in reducing the occurrences of piracy was the Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP).35 ReCAAP was signed by sixteen Asian states including Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand and Vietnam on November 11, 2004.36 The goal s of the agreement were to prevent and repress piracy, arrest pirates, seize ships or aircrafts used in committing piracy, and to rescue the victim ships and crews. The member states planned achieve these goals by sharing information, cooperating in legal and judicial endeavours for the prevention and suppression of piracy (including extradition and mutual legal assistance), and cooperation in capacity building. This included technical assistance such as educational and training programmes.37 This agreement obligates each state to cooperate fully in order to combat piracy. This agreement also created a central Information Sharing Centre (ISC), located in Singapore, in order to make information more readily available to states.38 The ISC is composed of the Governing Council, which is the decision-making body made up of one representative from each state, and the Secretariat which is headed by the Executive Director, who is responsible for administrative, operational and financial mat ters.39 Another route that Southeast Asia has taken to combat piracy was to establish a tripartite surveillance regime. Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore banded together in order to provide Modern Day Piracy Ellora Howie 9 maritime air surveillance in the Malacca and Singapore Straits. Their efforts have shown a significant reduction of cases of piracy in the region.40 In the spirit of ReCAAP, African countries have started the process of setting up their own information sharing system. The beginnings of this can be seen at the Tanzanian Conference where states created a draft nonbinding regional memorandum of understanding.41 They chose to make it nonbinding over the concern that, if they did make it binding, it would take substantially longer to be passed through national parliaments.42 The draft does not establish a single information centre like ReCAAP, but instead Kenya, Tanzania, and Yemen offered to be communications and reporting centers and prescribed that other states should chose a single national focal point for the exchange of information.43 Another important divergence from the ReCAAP model is their recognition of the discussion on the concept of ship riders.44 Ship riders are law enforcement officers that are (usually) from nearby coastal state and accompany foreign vessels on their route. These ship riders are then able to enforce their own states law against pirates. This is done so that foreign traders will not have to deal with judicial duties and trying pirates in their own domestic courts. Ship riders also may have to ability to authorize the pursuit of a pirate vessel into their territorial waters. The draft of the Tanzania Conference does not recognize this fully however. It instead provides a mechanism by which a State participant may request ad hoc permission from a coastal State to continue pursuit of a suspect pirate vessel into its territorial waters.45 Such a request is made much more accessible through the creati on of single contact points laid out by the draft regional memorandum of understanding.46 If it is adopted, it could offer an effective regional answer to the crisis of piracy. However, whether 10 Ellora Howie Modern Day Piracy or not the draft will be implemented and what it will look like if it is, remains to be seen. Conclusion Piracy has deep roots within our history but there has been a problem of evolving our definitions as piracy itself has evolved. Somalia is a clear example of this as it presents a new conception of why piracy occurs, who exactly these pirates are, how they have adapted, and the possible challenges they present for the future. There have been a variety of attempts to deal with the problem but it is clear that piracy will not simply disappear by throwing

Multinational Corporations Free Essays

Globalization The liberal economic theory Is based on the fact that not all state’s territories include the blessing of various natural resources. Therefore, state economies over the years have established several laws that make economic global trade a rather fair transaction. In its core trading was created to facilitate the gaining of products for territories in which producing a specific good might be limited due to their natural resources from those with comparative or absolute advantage. We will write a custom essay sample on Multinational Corporations or any similar topic only for you Order Now Economic liberalizes believe that governments should not interfere in the markets, because international elate Is maximized when states practice comparative advantage and specialize in certain products. It makes more sense for a country with easier and cheaper ways to produce a specific product do so in abundance and share it through global trade with the world, rather than it be extremely difficult and costly for a single state to do it alone. Through foreign direct investment, multinational corporations are able to invest in other countries by establishing their own facilities in foreign territories. This is the base of globalization. Through FED and Mans companies are locating closer to customers and Introducing themselves In the same area as competitors, meanwhile they hire local manufacturers and employees to assist the production of their product. By doing so, they not only fuel the international economy by creating a larger amount of production for trade, but they also are creating Jobs for people where they are most needed. They usually establish foreign facilities and plants in countries where wage is extremely cheap- indicating that these countries are probably home to extremely poor human beings, who would have trouble finding a Job In the first place. Yet they also search to Invest In states that have attractive resources. FED Is good for developing countries because they make their economies stronger. By paying taxes and training personnel, they enrich their host territories economy and development. Economic liberalizes believe that Mans can serve as a peace keeping potential during trying times between two countries. That interdependence globally would cause powers to be more understanding and hesitant before creating a war. However stating that underdeveloped nations cannot Lully control the Mans because of lack of proper enforcement of human right laws, there is a chance that the workers may be exploited, but through safety and health standards, this situation is usually controlled. I strongly believe that developing states should allow Mans to house facilities in their territories. It’s clear that for development, you must establish a strong economy, and FED and Mans without a doubt assist lesser-developed countries in reaching development. They create Jobs for those who are uneducated and therefore disqualified from many Job technological advancement of local companies. I do, however, support that specific tariffs and laws should be set against the Mans goods being sold in that state’s market, because local producers could not stand a chance next to mass productions. Also, the dangers of human rights being violated are possible when establishing an NC in a state with an unrecognized government and must be highly investigated for proper activity. In regards to those issues I believe that as long as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GAIT) enforce and practice their trade principals the global trade market will be a safe place. The prevarication and liberalizing of trade and foreign direct investment are the best way to go about developing a state. How to cite Multinational Corporations, Papers Multinational Corporations Free Essays Since industrial revolution, the world has changed tremendously.   Many industries have cropped up causing a great threat to the environment.   Globalization has encouraged free trade between countries leading to development of massive multinational corporations. We will write a custom essay sample on Multinational Corporations or any similar topic only for you Order Now Economists have varied ideas on the definition of a Multinational Corporation. However, various dimensions help to established what multinational corporations are.   This is in terms of ownership, management, strategy and its structure. (Root, 1994). Multinational corporations venture into various countries setting up factories and industries to increase their productivity.   It is largely viewed that sometimes they venture into countries with lenient air and water pollution controls to increase their production.   However, multinational companies usually pursue policies that are host country- oriented (perlmutter, 1969).   Although these corporations may operate in foreign countries the parent company exercises direct control over the policies of its affiliates. Multinational corporations serve an important role to the economy of the host country. They create employment opportunities, wealth and improve the technological aspect of the host county. (Dunning, 1993). Corporations also gain a lot from such an investment. Labor intensive operations can be shifted to countries that can provide cheap labor.   In other cases availability of raw materials and tax advantages act as incentives.   The corporations are able to spread risks instead of putting all the capital in a single country (Dunning, 1993). Examples of multinational corporations include Shell, Coca-Cola, Toshiba, Unilever and Honda. The Royal Dutch Shell Group is a huge multinational corporation with annual gross sales of more than 179 billion dollars.   It is one of the world’s top oil companies and the seventh largest chemical company. (www.groundwork.org.za/pamphlets/shell.asp) The company operates in over 140 countries and employs thousands of people.   It is based upon exploration, extraction, and transportation and refining of fossil fuels, oil and gas.  Ã‚   It supplies petroleum products to its thousands services stations around the world. (http://www.groudwork.org.za/pamplets/shell.asp.) In South Africa Shell Group owns the largest oil refinery called South African Petroleum Refinery (SAPREF).   It operates jointly with British Petroleum (BP). SAPREF is situated in Durban surrounded by residential areas with a huge population of over 200,000 people. (www.groundworks.org.za/pamplets/shell.asp) The company enjoys a lot of cheap labor and employs over 600 people and the same number of contractors.   The company also through SAPREF is able to refine over 170,000 barrels of crude oil a day.   It has a well connected network in the country with pipelines running from refinery to the storage tanks. Therefore it enjoys a lot of comparative advantages enabling it to grow strongly. The south Durban basin consists of over 100 industries. SAPREF refinery occupies one of the belts which are near residential areas.   Durban is one of the worst industrial pollution hit zone in South Africa.   Many people as a result have suffered Leukemia Chest complaints and other related ailments. (Butler Hallowes, 2002). Many accidents and incidents have also occurred which tarnished its operational record.   These include reported sulphur dioxide emissions, release of hydrogen fluoride into the atmosphere (in 1998) and others.   These has paused a serious threat to the firm, host community and workers. (www.foenl.org) As a result the South African environmental Alliance group coordinated and lead community action and negotiations with the industry.   There were concerns over excessive pollution from the industry, poor record of industrial operation and management, lack of a strong and enforceable regulatory framework for the industry and others.   Through community mobilization, meetings, demonstrations and media campaigns, shell had to introduce pollution reduction plans and to upgrade its facility.   It was resolved that shell’s international management address local concerns. This was during shell’s management AGM in London and The Hague (http://www.groundwork.org.za/pamphlets/shell.asp). Although the firm has had to spend a lot of money in repairing the detective pipelines, the company has reduced the rate of pollution and increased efficiency.   There has been growing confidence in the firm and this has improved it sales drastically. The social fabrics of people, local needs and interests have to be considered by any firm for it to enjoy maximum productivity.   This comes with improved confidence that leads to improved services.   All multinationals therefore ought to carry out a thorough research before investing.   ACME can learn from this experience to boost its productivity. How to cite Multinational Corporations, Essay examples

Title Essay Example

Title Essay 1. What is the application ZenMap GUI typically used for? Describe a scenario in which you would use this type of application. / Scanning all domains within the local domain. / If I was a financial accountant, I would use this to see what my employees are accessing and who is doing what on the company internet. I would like to find out who is compromising their privileges and accessing inappropriate sites. 2. What is the relationship between risks, threats and vulnerabilities as it pertains to Information Systems Security throughout the seven domains of a typical IT infrastructure? / They all affect security and integrity of a network domain local. 3. Which application is used in step #2 in the hacking process to perform a vulnerability assessment scan? / Nessus 4. Before you conduct an ethical hacking process or penetration test in a live production network, what must you do prior to performing the reconnaissance and probing and scanning procedures? Perform an IP host discovery and port intense scan 5. What is a CVE listing? Who hosts and who sponsors the CVE database listing website? / A system that provides a record for publicly know ISS vulnerability / The public 6. Can ZenMap GUI detect what operating systems are present on IP servers and Workstations? What would that option look like in the command line if running a scan on 172. 30. 0. 10? / Yes / It would be the green text in the c ommand line . If you have scanned a live host and detected that it is running Windows XP workstation OS, how would you use this information for performing a Nessus Vulnerability assessment scan? / You need to select Windows Credentials in the drop down menu next to credential type. 8. Once vulnerability is identified by Nessus, where can you check for more information regarding the identified vulnerability, exploits, and the risk mitigation We will write a custom essay sample on Title specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Title specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Title specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

9 Best Hurricane Tracking Charts

9 Best Hurricane Tracking Charts Updated October 15, 2018 Hurricane tracking charts are blank maps used to track the path of a hurricane. When tracking hurricanes, the intensity of the storm is indicated on the path along with any dates/times of landfall. There are several versions of the charts depending upon your needs. (All links will open maps in PDF format.) Atlantic Hurricane Tracking Chart Version 1This version is as official as it gets. Used by forecasters at the National Hurricane Center (NHC), it not only has a view of the full Atlantic basin but of the east coast of Africa, too. With a smaller grid overlay, the path of a hurricane can be plotted with greater precision. Atlantic Hurricane Tracking Chart Version 2This grayscale NOAA chart has a smaller grid and a wider view of the Atlantic and Gulf Coast. Atlantic Hurricane Tracking Chart Version 3This color chart is produced by the American Red Cross and shows the full Atlantic basin. Helpful tips on the dangers of hurricanes are printed on the map and all states, islands, major cities, and beaches are clearly labeled. Atlantic Hurricane Tracking Chart Version 4This black and white chart is one of NOAAs older versions but has small dot marks in a grid for easy plotting. Islands and land structures are labeled. Atlantic Hurricane Tracking Chart Version 5Courtesy of the LSU Agricultural Center, this grayscale chart is unique in that it labels the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Pacific, and Atlantic waters. One obvious drawback? It only includes a view of the eastern seaboard up to Virginia. (NOTE: The chart is on page 2 of this .pdf file, but the first page contains some very useful evacuation tips and hurricane facts.) Gulf of Mexico Hurricane Tracking Chart Version 1For those wishing to track hurricanes that enter into the Gulf of Mexico, this map provides the perfect solution. A grid overlay and labels of major cities on the Gulf Coast provide an easy way to track the path of some of the most destructive United States hurricanes. Gulf of Mexico Hurricane Tracking Chart Version 2The Boat Owners Association of the United States provides this simple map for tracking Gulf Coast hurricanes. (Its a great kid-friendly version.) The Caribbean Islands are labeled as well as major Gulf Coast cities. Eastern Pacific Hurricane Tracking ChartThis map comes directly from the NOAA NHC. It includes a view of the Hawaiian islands. Hawaii Hurricane Tracking ChartIf youre only interested in plotting hurricanes that venture near the Hawaiian Islands, this is the map for you (courtesy of AccuWeather). Plotting the Path of a Hurricane Now that you have the maps printed, its time to start plottin! For a simple how-to, check out How to Use a Hurricane Tracking Chart.   Edited by Tiffany Means

Use Truncated Words with Caution

Use Truncated Words with Caution Use Truncated Words with Caution Use Truncated Words with Caution By Mark Nichol When is it acceptable to use abbreviated versions of words? The type of publication and the context of the content determine the suitability of truncated words. Some words used in even the most formal writing are shortened versions of words that now seem stiffly pedantic: auto is the first part of automobile, zoo derives from â€Å"zoological gardens,† and flu was snatched from the middle of influenza. Phone and plane are taken from the third and second syllables of telephone and airplane, which are themselves becoming obsolete. But what about, for example, carb (from carbohydrate), hood (from neighborhood), or perp (from perpetrator)? Such terms may be found in newspaper and magazine feature stories (though not in news articles) and in less formal contexts such as blog posts and mass-market books, but they’re highly unlikely to be found in scholarly texts, academic papers, and business reports. This discussion doesn’t answer the question I posed in the first paragraph, however. How do you determine whether abbreviated terms such as these are appropriate for more formal content? The key is to avoid being an innovator. Once sociology texts refer to burbs, papers on nutrition mention veggies, and science journals discuss nukes, you’ll know it’s safe to employ these terms. Until then, be more circumspect about using such casualisms except in vernacular writing. Writing and speech are becoming more informal, and modern usage also reflects the inclination toward faster-paced communication enabled by more sophisticated technology, but acceptance of colloquial vocabulary still lags in general acceptance by years if at all. That last point is significant: Writers who use colloquial abbreviations risk being ahead of the curve, especially if that curve never manifests itself, and convention continues along in a straight line. Use of casualisms is especially questionable in printed books, even those dealing with popular culture and other general-interest topics, because of the delay in publication between drafting the manuscript and publication of the book. By the time the product is released, months later, the public may have rejected or forgotten the term, and its persistence in print may distract readers. In informal, ephemeral writing such as blog posts, anyone can form new boundaries, but in more formal contexts, be a follower, not a leader. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)Homonyms, Homophones, Homographs and HeteronymsCharles's Pen and Jesus' Name

Advantages of Probation and Prison system Assignment - 2

Advantages of Probation and Prison system - Assignment Example It is traced back in Boston in the 1700s when the prisoners were taken home by John Augustus as an alternative to the issue of incarceration. Later on, Massachusetts authorized Boston to hire a probation officer. By the end of the ninetieth century, probation was widely practiced all over the world. Parole refers to the temporary or permanent release of a certain prisoner before completion of their prison sentences once they promise to be of good behavior. There are various differences between parole and probation. First of all, probation is that form of a criminal sentence without having to serve time. The offender remains in the setting of a community instead of serving time in prison. On the other hand, parole is an early supervised release from jail. An individual serves jail time for a while and before their jail time is over, they are released either permanently or temporary if they promise to be of good behavior. It allows a high level of flexibility in the handling of various criminal offenders. It permits the judges to make decisions about the ability of an individual to function in a society. It is also a system where an individual is given a second chance to change and allows individuals to redeem themselves. It still represents an incursion that the state undertakes on individuals. The system has also been criticized by too many people on it thus being seen as detrimental to societies and individuals. It also criticized to give prisoners freedom when they should be in jail. Parolee might repeat the offenses he was incarcerated for. The inability of the parolee to survive due to lack of employment or a home. It also requires frequently involvement by the criminal justice for a period of time. One case that impacted on probation and parole was a case of Gagnon V. Scarpelli in 1973. He was serving a probation sentence for armed robbery in the state of Wisconsin.  

How does faulkner portray the south book as i lay dying Essay

How does faulkner portray the south book as i lay dying - Essay Example In this novel, â€Å"William Faulkner portrays all of his themes in the actual human drama of the South† (Faulkner) the lack of communication, the poverty; ignorance and alienation are clearly engrained in the fabric of â€Å"As I Lay Dying.† Throughout the novel, the theme of lack of communication and alienations are the key factors for each and every character. The very nature of existing side by side with people is to communicate with each other for a better understanding. Lack of communication is one of the most common universal problems shown in As I Lay Dying. In the novel the characters methods of communicating with each other are many and vary. In most cases it depends on the characters relationships with one another. The characters do not communicate effectively with one another which lead to many confusion heartache and alienation. In the novel, the characters don’t always communicate with words, but they sometimes communicate through unspoken words. The communication between Dewey and Darl is often unspoken yet powerful. Yet part of Dewey Dell hates for this closeness: "And thats why I can talk to him with knowing with hating because he knows" (Faulkner 23). Darl feels that the words which he speaks, an d yet words, his words, can be seen as â€Å"†¦just a shape to fill a lack†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Faulkner 172) with the lack of communications, the characters can only guess at the motivations, beliefs, and feelings of others. This results in misunderstandings and alienation with each other. As a result of this communication gap, the Bundren family lives an alienated life from each other. In his interview in 1959 Faulkner said about his character, "His tragedy is the impossibility-or at least the tremendous difficulty-of communication. But man keeps on trying endlessly to express himself and make contact with other human beings" (Faulkner). In the novel, Faulkner depicts the harsh reality of living in the south with empathy and grace but,

Baroque Period And Opera

Baroque Period And Opera Early baroque composers favoured homophonic texture over the polyphonic texture typical of Renaissance music. They felt that words could be projected more clearly by using just one main melody with a chordal accompaniment. Homophonic textures only characterise early baroque, by the late baroque period, polyphonic texture returned to favour. To depict extreme emotions, early baroque composers used dissonance with a new freedom. Never before were unstable chords so prominent and emphatic. Contrasts of sound were stressed, one or more solo singers against a chorus, or voices against instruments. A baroque piece usually expresses one basic mood: what begins joyfully will remain joyful throughout. Emotional states like joy, grief, and agitation were represented-at the time, these moods were called affections. Specific rhythms or melodic patters were associated with specific moods. The prime exception to this baroque principle of unity of mood occurs in vocal music. Drastic changes of emotion in a text may inspire corresponding changes in the music. Rhythmic patterns head at the beginning of a piece are repeated throughout it. This rhythmic continuity provides a compelling drive and energy the forward motion is rarely interrupted. Baroque melody also creates a feeling of continuity. An opening melody will be heard again and again in the course of a baroque piece. And even when a melody is presented in varied form, its character tends to remain constant. There is a continuous expanding, unfolding, and unwinding of melody. This sense of directed motion is frequently the result of a melodic sequence, that is, successive repetition of a musical idea at higher or lower pitch levels. Many baroque melodies sound elaborate and ornamental, and they are not easy to sing or remember. A short opening phrase is often followed by a longer phrase with an unbroken flow of rapid notes. Volume tends to stay constant for a stretch of time. When the dynamics do shift, the shift is usually sudden, like physically stepping from one level to another. This alternation between loud and soft is called terraced dynamics. The organ and harpsichord were both well suited for continuity of dynamic level. Imitation between various lines, or voices, of the texture is very common. A melodic idea heard in one voice is likely to make an appearance in the other voices as well. In the baroque period chords became significant. As composers wrote a melodic line, they thought of chords to mesh with it. Indeed, sometimes they composed a melody to fit a specific chord progression. This interest in chords gave new prominence to the bass part. Basso continuo or figured bass is made up of a bass part together with numbers which specify the chords to be played above it. Usually the bass part is played by the left hand of an organist or harpsichordist and a cellist or bassoonist. The right hand, the keyboard player improvises chords or even a melodic line, following the indications of the numbers. Word painting was used. Heaven might be set to a high tone and hell to a low tone. Rising scales represented upward motion; descending scales depicted the reverse. Descending chromatic scales were associated with pain and grief. Composers emphasised words by writing many rapid notes for a single syllable of text. Opera is the fusion of music, acting, poetry, dance, scenery and costumes. Began in Italy around 1600. Voice types: Coloratura soprano very high range; can execute rapid scales and trills lyric soprano rather light voice; sings roles calling for grace and charm dramatic soprano full, powerful voice; is capable of passionate intensity lyric tenor relatively light, bright voice dramatic tenor powerful voice; is capable of heroic expression basso buffo takes comic roles; can sing very rapidly basso profondo very low range, powerful voice; takes roles calling for great dignity Aria A song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment. Its an outpouring of melody that expresses an emotional state. In an aria, I love you, might be sung ten times to accommodate the expansion of the idea. Often the action stops while the characters feelings are revealed through music. An aria usually lasts several minutes. It is a complete piece with a definite beginning, high point, and end. Recitative A vocal line that imitates the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech. In a recitative, words are sung quickly and clearly, often on repeated tones. There is usually only one note to each syllable in a recitative. Recitative is used for monologues and dialogues that connect the more melodic sections of the opera. In opera multiple characters can express contrasting feelings at the same time when different melodies are combined. This is only possible in opera and cannot be duplicated in spoken drama. An opera chorus generates atmosphere and makes comments on the action. Their sound creates a kind of tonal background for the soloists. Most operas open with a purely orchestral composition called an overture or a prelude. Since the eighteenth century, the music for an overture has been drawn from material heard later in the opera. The overture is thus a short musical statement that involves the audience in the overall dramatic mood. Orchestral introductions to acts in the opera other than the first are always called preludes. Opera was born in Italy. During the late baroque, operas consisted largely of arias linked by recitatives. These recitatives were usually accompanied only by a basso continuo, in which case they are called secco recitatives. At emotional high points and moments of tension, however, they might be supported by the orchestra, they are then called accompanied recitatives. Late baroque arias followed the structure of ABA called da capa aria. Monteverdis Orfeo is considered to be the first great opera. Orfeo is about Orpheus, the gifted musician of Greek mythology. Orpheus, son of the god Apollo, is ecstatically happy after his marriage to Eurydice. But his joy is shattered when his bride is killed by a poisonous snake. Orpheus goes down to hades hoping to bring her back to life. Because of his musical talent, he is granted this privilege, as long as he does not look back at Eurydice while leading her out of hades. Orpheus looks back in a moment of anxiety and Eurydice vanishes. Apollo pities Orpheus and brings him up to heaven, where he can gaze eternally at Eurydices radiance. Orfeo includes recitatives, arias, duets, choruses, and instrumental interludes. Tu se morta in Act II of Orfeo is an example of a secco recitative. Orpheus sings solo in a recitative style with accompaniment by a basso continuo played by an organ and bass lute. The texture of this piece is homophonic, as was popular in early Baroque music. There is no time signature which gives the performer the freedom to portray emotion in their singing. Word painting is also found in this piece. Words such as stelle (stars) and solo (sun) are sung high in the performers register while abissi (abysses) and morte (death) are sung low. Roman opera was based more on religious subjects than on Greek mythology, and it made more use of the choruses. Distinction between recitative and aria began to emerge. The prototype of comic opera were intermezzi, comic interludes between the acts. The principal characteristics of Venetian opera were: more emphasis on formal arias, the beginning of bel canto style and more attention to vocal elegance than to dramatic expression, less use of chorus and orchestral music, complex and improbable plots, elaborate stage machinery, and short fanfare-like instrumental introductions. As compared to Italian opera, the outstanding traits of French opera were: use of ballet, greater importance of the drama, more use of the orchestra and instrumental music, shorter and simpler dance-like airs, careful attention to accentuation of the text, more expressive and melodic recitative, less emphasis on virtuosity, the French overture. In Baroque music, ritornello was the word for a recurring passage for orchestra in the first or final movement of a solo concerto or aria (also in works for chorus). In ritornello form, the tutti opens with a theme called the ritornello (refrain). This theme, always played by the tutti, returns in different keys throughout the movement. However, it usually returns in incomplete fragments In the Prologue of Orfeo there is a recitation by La Musica, there are five verses, each introduced by a ritornello. The same ritornello appears at the end of Act II and at the beginning of Act V. La serva padrona was originally an intermezzo to Pergolesis opera seria Il prigioniero superbo (The Proud Prisoner). The two were premiered on 5 September 1733, the first performance after an earthquake in Naples had caused all theatres to be closed, and celebrated the birthday of the Empress of Habsburg. Il prigioniero was unsuccessful in its day[1] and is not a recognized title in todayà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s operatic repertoire. Eventually the two pieces were separated, and La serva padrona went on to enjoy fame throughout Europe for years after its premiere. The importance of this intermezzo can hardly be overlooked in the history of opera. With a new finale, the French version played a large part in the Querelle des Bouffons. It was appealing because of its presentation of characters that were relatable to any audience, namely the cunning maid and her aging master. La serva padrona is often seen as the quintessential piece that bridges the gap from the Baroque to the Classical period. Owing to its importance, over time it came to be known as more than just an intermezzo and was performed as a stand-alone work. Intermezzo I Dressing room. Uberto, an elderly bachelor, is angry and impatient with his maidservant, Serpina, because she has not brought him his chocolate today. Serpina has become so arrogant that she thinks she is the mistress of the household. Indeed, when Uberto calls for his hat, wig and coat, Serpina forbids him from leaving the house, adding that from then on he will have to obey her orders. Uberto thereupon orders Vespone to find him a woman to marry so that he can rid himself of Serpina. Intermezzo II Same dressing room. Serpina convinces Vespone to trick Uberto into marrying her. She informs Uberto that she is to marry a military man named Tempesta. She will be leaving his home and apologizes for her behavior. Vespone, disguised as Tempesta, arrives and, without saying a word, demands 4,000 crowns for a dowry. Uberto refuses to pay such a sum. Tempesta threatens him to either pay the dowry or marry the girl himself. Uberto agrees to marry Serpina. Serpina and Vespone reveal their trick; but Uberto realizes that he has loved the girl all along. They will marry after all; and Serpina will now be the true mistress of the household. The piece is for bass, soprano, and a mute actor. Opera is the fusion of music, acting, poetry, dance, scenery and costumes. At the end of the sixteenth century a small group of aristocratic intelligentsia, known as the Camerata, met frequently in Florence. The Camerata had the intention of reproducing the combination of words and music which made up Greek theatre. The text was the main focus of this music with all the words being sung naturally, in the same manner as normal speech, and the music must interpret the spirit of the text. This resulted in a new style of music which was mostly homophonic, in contrast to polyphonic music that was popular at the time. The first surviving opera, Peris Euridice in 1600, was a flop, Monteverdis Orfeo seven years later, however, was not. Orfeo managed to fulfil the requirements posed by the Camerata and while also being dramatic and portraying extreme emotion. Over the baroque period opera evolved and developed into different types and varied in different areas. Orfeo was characteristic of a Florentine opera and an opera seria. All forms of opera shared similar musical components such as: solo song, in opera called aria; pieces for two or more solo voices, duet, trio etc; recitative, a singing style that replicated the rhythms and pitch fluctuation of speech; chorus; the orchestra; and the overture, the instrumental introduction to an opera. The various cities of Italy each had variants on the opera. Florentine opera, such as Orfeo, was based off Greek mythology. While Roman opera was based on religious subjects and made more use of choruses. Venetian opera had an emphasis on formal arias, less use of chorus and orchestral music, complex and improbably plots and short fanfare-like introductions. Choruses were nearly non-existent in Neopolitan opera and there was a new style of operatic song, arioso, which was a mix between recitative and aria. Castrati were popular and drew great interest from audiences. Opera spread to France and included the use of ballet, more extreme drama, more use of the orchestra and instrumental music, more expressive and melodic recitative and less emphasis on virtuosity. Towards the end of the Baroque period a new style of opera appeared known as opera buffa. These comic operas originated as intermezzi between the acts of opera serias. Opera buffa differed from opera seria due to its light and humorous subjects, commonplace characters rather than heroic figures, popular tunes replaced the dramatic and formal aria; and characters, subjects and melodies of opera serias were parodied. Pergolesis opera buffa La serva padrona was an intermezzo to Pergolesis opera seria Il prigioniero superbo. Monteverdis Orfeo and Pergolesis La serva padrona show the development and similarities between early baroque and late baroque opera. Whilst the pieces are of differing style and were written over 100 years apart many characteristics of baroque music and opera appear in both. The plots of Orfeo and La serva padrona differ greatly as one is a opera seria and the other an opera buffa. Orfeo tells the tale of Orpheus, the gifted musician of Greek mythology. Orpheus, son of the god Apollo, has just married Eurydice but his joy is soon crushed after she is killed by a poisonous snake. Orpheus goes down to hades hoping to bring her back to life and further drama and tragedy ensues. La serva padrona features the old bachelor Uberto and his maidservant Serpina. Uberto and Serpina are contantly fighting but Serpina manages to trick Uberto into marrying her and becomes the homes mistress. Verspone, a servant of Ubertos, is a mute character but is important to the plot. The opera is light hearted and made up of common people. Over the baroque period the plots of operas changed dramatically in style as can be seen in Orfeo and La serva padrona. All operas were mostly homophonic, this way words could be projected more clearly with only one main melodic line. Both Orfeo and La serva padrona are mostly homophonic. In fact, whilst polyphony came back into fashion as the baroque period progressed, La serva padrona is less adventurous in terms of harmony in comparison to Orfeo. Orfeo makes use of polyphony in choruses, duets and trios. This can be seen in Act I: lo non diro qual sia nel tuo gioir with Euridice, Chorus, Nymph and the Sheperds singing two different melodies in a round-style which eventually join together in a homophonic ending. Excerpt from Orfeo Act I: lo non diro qual sia nel tuo gioir La serva padrona is rather simple, only written for a string quartet and a soprano and bass. The second violins generally double the first violins and the viola generally doubles the bass part one octave higher. The instrumentation of Orfeo is more expansive than that of La serva padrona. Orfeo utilises: 2 clavicembalos, 1 double harp, 2 chitarrones, 2 bass cithers, 3 bass gambas, 2 organs with wood pipes, 1 organ with reed pipes, 2 small violins, 4 violins, 4 violas, 2 violoncellos, 2 contrabass viols, 4 trombones, 2 cornetts, 1 fautino, 1 high trumpet, 3 soft trumpets. Orfeo makes use of this range of instruments through its varying pieces. Orfeo has arias, recitatives, choruses, dances, sinfonias and duets. La serva padrona on the other hand is made up of only arias and recitatives and a duet to end each act. The range of instruments in Orfeo also results in contrast of dynamics between pieces. The use of more and less instruments changes the volume from loud to soft, suddenly, rather than gradually. This is known as terraced dynamics and is characteristic of the baroque period. La serva padrona remains a similar dynamic for most of the opera. Dynamics are altered through the doubling of string parts and the removal of string parts. Two different types of recitative were used in baroque opera. The first being secco recitatives, which were usually accompanied by only a basso continuo. The second being accompanied recitatives which were accompanied by the orchestra. Tu se morta in Act II of Orfeo is an example of a secco recitative. Per altro io penserei in Act II of La serva padrona is an example of an accompanied recitative. This style of recitative is used for an emotional high point in the opera. Arias are also found in both pieces. La serva padrona being a piece of the late baroque period, the arias follow the structure of ABA known as de capa aria. Excerpt from La serva padrona Act II: Per altro io penserei The ascending violin patterns in the excerpt above are an example of the musics use in supporting the text. The fast, ascending, scalic pattern is representative of the excitement and confusion in this piece of the opera. This is a technique known as word painting. Words may be set to higher and lower tones according to the emotion or type of word. This is seen in Te se morta in Act II of Orfeo in which the words stelle (stars) and solo (sun) are sung high in the performers register while abissi (abysses) and morte (death) are sung low. Word painting was used throughout the whole baroque period in opera. Excerpt from Orfeo Act II: Te se morta Beyond the standard soprano, alto, tenor, bass, there were different types of opera voices. These included: coloratura soprano, lyrics soprano, soprano castrato, dramatic soprano, lyric tenor, dramatic tenor, basso buffo, basso profondo. Orfeo makes use of a variety of voice types. Orfeo is performed by a dramatic tenor, due to their powerful voices, while Eurydice and La Musica were performed by soprano castrato. In La serva padrona Uberto is performed by a basso buffo as they could sing very fast and were perfect for comic roles. Serpina is performed by a coloratura soprano which is evident due to her rapid scales and trills and high range. The contrast in voice types in the two operas is due to their different style with one being an opera seria and the other an opera buffa. Reoccurring passages for the orchestra in baroque music are called ritornellos. Ritornellos are found throughout Orfeo. The ritornello is introduced in Act I and it appears at the end of Act II and at the beginning of Act V. Excerpt from Orfeo Act I: Prologo Ritornellos do not appear in La serva padrona as there is only a string quartet and voices. Imitation however does appear. The imitation of various voices of texture was common of the baroque period. Melodic ideas that are shown in one voice appear in other voices as well. Excerpt from La serva padrona Act I: Sempre in contrasti Due to the increased use of homophony in the baroque period chords became much more significant than they were in the past. Basso continuo or figured bass is a bass part that is used together with numbers which specify the chords to be played above it. Usually the bass part is played by the left hand of an organist or harpsichordist and a cellist or bassoonist. In Orfeo the basso continuo is played by many instruments but mainly by organs. In La serva padrona the basso continuo is played by the cello or double bass and is doubled by the viola an octave higher. Basso continuo is a primary characteristic of the baroque period and lasted over all 150 years. Monteverdis Orfeo and Pergolesis La serva padrona both share many characteristics that are common of the baroque period. They also have a few significant differences that are due to the differing style of opera. French and German operas would offer further contrasts to these two Italian operas. On first glance it appears that Orfeo is more evolved and later opera than La serva padroma, this, however, is not true. While Orfeo does offer more instruments and a greater contrast of pieces La serva padroma takes a small part of the first operas and expands on them so that it stands as a genre of opera on its own. The evolution of opera through the baroque period wasnt through the invention of new techniques or massive stylistic changes but rather through refinement of the original techniques and slight tweaks to the musical and lyrics content.

Checkpoint: Financial Management Goals Essay

It is sometimes suggested that the most important goal for financial management is to earn the highest possible profit for the company. However, the key is to use that in setting a goal for the firm. The main measure of performance is how the earnings are valued by the investor. It is important to an investor how the firm’s earnings have increased or decrease, the quality, reliability and risk of it. The financial manager must take all of these into considerations when making each decision on the firm’s overall valuation. The financial manager may attempt to maximize the wealth of the firm’s shareholders by getting the highest value for the firm. Stock prices are not directly controlled by the financial manager since it is generally affected by the expectations of the firm’s future as well as the current economic environment. In some instances, management may be more interested in maintaining its own tenure than in maximizing stockholder wealth. The goal of shareholder wealth maximization is consistent with a concern for social responsibility for the firm. By adopting policies that would maximize values in the market, the firm can attract capital, provide employment, and offer benefits to its community. Another importance is the ethical behavior of a company because it creates an invaluable reputation. Companies can become more visible than others in their pursuit of these goals. The companies that do a good job at practicing ethical behaviors are profitable, save money, and are good citizens in their communities.

Health Promotion - 2274 Words

Health Promotion: Giving up Smoking in Pregnancy Introduction The object of this assignment is to critically appraise a health promotion initiative related to midwifery practice. The initiative chosen is a NHS Health Scotland leaflet entitled Smoking: giving up during pregnancy: a guide for pregnant women who want to stop smoking (NHS Health Scotland 2003). It will be referred to as the initiative or the leaflet throughout this assignment. The World Health Organisation (WHO) identified that health promotion was a way of equipping people to have more power enabling them to make choices in regard to improving their well-being (WHO 1986). Ewles and Simnett (2003) determine from this, that the fundamental elements of health promotion†¦show more content†¦The leaflet may still be issued as having the information readily at hand may prompt the individual to think about stopping smoking. The advantages of leaflets mean they allow individuals to read through them at their own pace (Ewles and Simnett 2003). The second stage is the contemplation stage where the individual is motivated to consider changing their behaviour, maybe she reads the leaflet and attempts to seek information (Naidoo and Wills 2000). The role of the midwife at this stage would be to determine why the woman smokes and what barriers she may face in stopping smoking (Dunkley 2000). The leaflet facilitates this by allowing the woman to question why she smokes and how she feels about it. It also seeks to establish what the woman feels is good and bad about smoking and how she anticipates changing her behaviour towards smoking. It has been suggested (McLeod et al 2003) that some midwives find it difficult to broach the subject of smoking particularly with women who have no desire to stop and those who are still considering stopping. However McLeod et al (2003) found from their qualitative study that women expected to be asked about smoking during routine antenatal care and indeed they felt it was part of the midwives rol e to ask. The preparation stage is where the woman is committed to giving up smoking. She may seek extra help and is likely to attempt change soon (Dunkley 2000). 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“ThereS A Fine Line Between Genius And Insanity. I Have

â€Å"There s a fine line between genius and insanity. I have erased this line† - Oscar Levant. William Shakespeare s tragic play, Hamlet, is centered around the idea of Revenge. Hamlet’s father was murdered by his uncle, who then married his widowed mother, leaving him absolutely traumatized. And to add to this trauma, his father’s ghost returned to tell him he was murdered and that revenge must be sought, or he must remain in purgatory. Hamlet then vowed to fulfill his father’s wish while also feigning madness so that no other could determine his intentions to kill the man that was then king. On his path to take revenge on the king, Ophelia was driven into true insanity which greatly contrasts his own feign of madness. Many have believed†¦show more content†¦. . this not to do, // So grace and mercy at your most need help you, // Swear!†(I,v,173-175,180-182). Knowing that the apparition could have been the devil’s doing, as Hamlet h ad no absolute way of knowing that it had been his father and that he had told the truth, he waited until he himself could prove Claudius’ guilt. This is a pivotal moment in discerning Hamlet’s sanity. An insane person would have taken action immediately without thought, but he knew to think through the possibility of a lie while still intending to follow through with the request. Insanity causes unclear thinking and excessive anger, both of which were countered in that single moment. Shakespeare himself intentionally put in an example of what true insanity is to contrast Hamlet’s act; Ophelia achieved such status after the murder of her father by the one she loved. Prince Hamlet was only ever perceived as insane when he wanted to be, but Ophelia unwillingly lost all control of her mind. 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